India's public health policies drift from population needs toward individual wellness

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: India's public sector health care system largely focuses on curative care with limited preventive, promotive and rehabilitative care.

Statement-II: Under India's decentralized approach to health care delivery, the States are primarily responsible for organizing health services.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements:

1.Private and public hospitals must adopt it.

2.As it aims to achieve universal health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately.

3.It has seamless portability across the country.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan', consider the following statements:

1.This scheme guarantees a minimum package of antenatal care services to women in their second and third trimesters of pregnancy and six months post-delivery health care service in any government health facility.

2.Under this scheme, private sector health care providers of certain specialities can volunteer to provide services at nearby government health facilities.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs):

1.They were introduced in 2018 by rebranding existing sub-centres, primary health centres, and community health centres.

2.Their introduction expanded the scope of primary care to include non-communicable diseases and mental health.

3.Private hospitals are mandated to register as Health and Wellness Centres under this initiative.

4.The initiative shifted policy focus from population health outcomes to individual well-being.

How many of the above statements are correct?

With reference to the Ayushman Bharat Digital Health Mission (ABDHM), consider the following statements:

1.The ABHA card provides a unique health ID to every citizen for maintaining a digital health record.

2.Adoption of ABDHM is mandatory for all private and public hospitals in India.

3.The mission maintains registries of health facilities, health-care professionals, and health insurance information.

4.ABDHM guarantees universal health coverage by ensuring physical access to health services for all citizens.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Match the following primary health care institutions with their correct position in India's three-tier health system:

List I (Institution) — List II (Level/Role)

A.Sub-Centre (SC) — 1. First contact point at village/hamlet level

B.Primary Health Centre (PHC) — 2. Referral unit for a group of PHCs

C.Community Health Centre (CHC) — 3. Block-level facility serving a defined population

D.District Hospital — 4. Apex referral facility at district level

Consider the following statements regarding the distinction between 'health promotion' and 'wellness' as public health concepts:

1.Health promotion is a population-based approach that recognises social, economic, and environmental determinants of health.

2.Wellness places primary responsibility on individuals to modify their health-related choices.

3.Both health promotion and wellness have universally accepted population-level measurement frameworks.

4.The WHO definition of health as 'not merely the absence of disease' was a precursor to the wellness movement.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Assertion (A): The Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres initiative has created ambiguity in the mandates of India's primary health care institutions.

Reason (R): The initiative mandatorily added 'Health and Wellness Centre' as a common prefix to sub-centres, primary health centres, and community health centres, which had distinct and separately evolved mandates.