"BRICS Tested on Relevance in a Fragmented World Order"
Strategic autonomy
a foreign policy approach of engaging multiple blocs without binding alliance commitments
Multi-alignment
simultaneously deepening partnerships with competing power blocs based on interest
BRICS started as a group of emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The first BRICS Summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, in 2009, not in Rio de Janeiro as some people think. South Africa joined in 2010, becoming the last of the original five members to join the group. The Fortaleza Declaration of 2014, issued at the sixth Summit in Brazil, created the New Development Bank (NDB). This bank is headquartered in Shanghai. The Declaration also created a reserve arrangement for emergency funding. These institutions gave BRICS a real financial identity outside the World Bank and IMF system.
The group expanded sharply at the 16th Summit, held in Kazan under Russia's chairship. It admitted Indonesia as a full member along with Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates. This expansion changed BRICS's character. A bloc that once had five broadly similar emerging economies now spans states with very different relationships to the Western-led order. Iran openly confronts US power. Brazil is a dissatisfied insider still culturally close to the West. India has argued that being non-Western does not mean being anti-Western. India uses this internal diversity to keep BRICS a reform platform rather than an anti-Western bloc.
The 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan had the theme 'Strengthening Multiculturalism for Just Global Development and Security'. The New Development Bank was established by BRICS, not by APEC.
The 18th BRICS Summit, held in New Delhi, produced the New Delhi Declaration. All member states adopted it unanimously. A declaration is a consensus political statement issued at the end of a summit. It sets out shared positions without binding legal force. The Declaration covered trade, finance, energy, climate, technology, health and agriculture. On economics, it called for local-currency trade and inter-operable cross-border payment systems. It backed the BRICS Economic Partnership Strategy 2030 and a Global Value Chain Action Plan for 2026-2030. On global governance, it sought a more representative United Nations and international financial system. …
Consider the following statements with regard to BRICS:
I.16th BRICS Summit was held under the Chairship of Russia in Kazan.
II.Indonesia has become a full member of BRICS.
III.The theme of the 16th BRICS Summit was 'Strengthening Multiculturalism for Just Global Development and Security'.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements:
1.The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009.
2.South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The 'Fortaleza Declaration', recently in the news, is related to the affairs of
Consider the following statements:
1.New Development Bank has been set up by APEC.
2.The headquarters of New Development Bank is in Shanghai.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The reform process in the United Nations remains unresolved, because of the delicate imbalance of East and West and entanglement of the USA vs. Russo-Chinese alliance. Examine and critically evaluate the East-West policy confrontations in this regard.
Consider the following pairs of BRICS summits and their host countries:
1.6th Summit — Brazil
2.16th Summit — Russia
3.18th Summit — India
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
With reference to the New Delhi Declaration adopted at the 18th BRICS Summit, consider the following statements:
1.It called for a two-tier WTO dispute settlement mechanism.
2.It backed the BRICS Economic Partnership Strategy 2030.
3.It proposed a single common BRICS currency to replace national currencies in trade.
How many of the above statements are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding BRICS expansion:
1.Indonesia became a full BRICS member at the 16th Summit held in Kazan.
2.The 16th Summit was held under India's chairship.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The New Development Bank, set up through the Fortaleza Declaration, is headquartered in which city?
In the context of BRICS, the term 'variable geometry' as used in current international relations commentary best refers to
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