Poverty: Concept and Measurement in India
The Basics
Poverty means a person does not have enough money for basic needs, like food, clothes, and shelter.
Sign up free for the full concept, practice MCQs and PYQsIndian Economy · Topic 16 of 20
Poverty, Unemployment, Inclusive Growth and Social Sector
Poverty measurement, unemployment types, financial inclusion and social sector programmes
Poverty Estimates and Trends in India
The Basics
India has measured poverty for many decades. This checks if growth and welfare schemes reduce poverty.
Sign up free for the full concept, practice MCQs and PYQsMeasuring Income Inequality: Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient
The Basics
Lorenz curve is a graph of income inequality.
Sign up free for the full concept, practice MCQs and PYQsMultidimensional Poverty Index
The Basics
The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) measures poverty by real deprivations, not income. A person can have money but still lack clean water. The MPI checks deprivation in health, education, and living standards directly.
Sign up free for the full concept, practice MCQs and PYQsPoverty Alleviation Programmes
The Basics
Poverty alleviation programmes are government schemes for poor people. They aim to raise incomes directly. They create jobs for poor households. They also improve living standards. They do not wait only for growth to help the poor.
Sign up free for the full concept, practice MCQs and PYQsUnemployment: Types
The Basics
Unemployment means a person wants work but cannot find it. There are different types of unemployment. Economists sort them by cause. Each type needs a different government response. A policy good for one type may not help another. For example, training helps one type, but not one caused by season.
Sign up free for the full concept, practice MCQs and PYQsWorker-Population Ratio and Labour Force Participation
The Basics
Worker Population Ratio (WPR) shows employed persons per thousand people. Example: if 300 of 1000 people work, WPR is 300.
Sign up free for the full concept, practice MCQs and PYQsInformalisation of the Workforce
The Basics
Informalisation means more workers have no job security. They also lack social security and fixed benefits. This can happen even in organised sector firms. For example, a factory may be registered and organised. But if it hires workers on daily wages with no contract, those workers are informal. So informal employment is wider than the unorganised sector.
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The Basics
A government employment generation scheme is a plan where the state creates jobs directly. It does not wait for private industry to create them.
Sign up free for the full concept, practice MCQs and PYQsLabour Market Reforms and Labour Codes
The Basics
Labour market reform means changing rules on hiring, wages, safety, and social security. The aim is to protect workers without stopping firms from creating jobs. A Labour Code is one law made by joining several older laws together.
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The Basics
Skill development means training workers in job skills. For example, a course that teaches tailoring or plumbing. It uses vocational training, short courses, and on-the-job training, not only classroom degrees.
Sign up free for the full concept, practice MCQs and PYQsGender Discrimination and Women's Unpaid Work
The Basics
Gender discrimination means women get less access than men. This includes education, jobs, wages, land, and decision-making. It happens only because they are women. It is deep in India's social fabric. It affects women at many life stages.
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The Basics
Child labour means children work instead of going to school.
Sign up free for the full concept, practice MCQs and PYQsFinancial Inclusion: Concept and Instruments
The Basics
Financial inclusion means every person gets access to formal financial services. These include bank accounts, loans, insurance, and payments. A group with none of these is called 'financially excluded'. The goal is to replace costly money lenders with safe, formal sources.
Sign up free for the full concept, practice MCQs and PYQsJAM Trinity and Direct Benefit Transfer
The Basics
The JAM Trinity has three parts. These are Jan Dhan bank accounts, Aadhaar identity, and mobile phones. Aadhaar is a 12-digit identity number for every Indian. Government uses all three together. This helps send subsidies straight into a person's bank account. This method is called Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT). Instead of giving cheap goods like food or gas, government sends cash directly to the right person.
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The Basics
Universal Basic Income gives cash to every citizen with no conditions.
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The Basics
Social sector schemes on health and nutrition are government programmes. They aim to deliver basic health care and food to the poor.
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The Basics
Old-age and social security schemes give guaranteed income or insurance to poor workers. Most informal workers have no pension from an employer. For example, a daily-wage worker gets no company pension.
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The Basics
Panchayati Raj is a system of elected local governments. It works at the village, block, and district levels. These bodies plan and run development work in their area. Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government, below the centre and the states.
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The Basics
The Socio-Economic and Caste Census collects household data.
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