Modern India · Topic 3 of 20
Wars of conquest against Mysore, Marathas, Sikhs, Sindh and frontier states
The Basics
After ending dual government in Bengal, Warren Hastings faced a dangerous world outside it. The Marathas and Mysore were strong. Afghan invaders under rulers like Ahmad Shah Abdali had long threatened northern India. Bengal's safety depended on keeping these dangers away from its borders.
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Mysore survived as a weak successor state after the Vijayanagara Empire's fall, ruled nominally by the Wodeyars.
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First Anglo-Mysore War was fought 1767 to 1769.
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The Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92) ended with the Treaty of Seringapatam, where Tipu lost half his territories.
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After the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, Tipu Sultan's dominions were divided among the British and the Nizam.
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After Shivaji, Maratha power became a confederacy led by the Peshwa, the chief minister at Poona.
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Raghunathrao signed the Treaty of Surat in 1775, getting English help for the peshwaship.
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Peshwa Baji Rao II signed the Treaty of Bassein with the British on 31 December 1802.
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By 1817, Peshwa Bajirao II was ruling in name only. A British Resident controlled his affairs under the Treaty of Bassein. This had wounded the pride of other Maratha chiefs, such as Sindhia, Holkar and Bhonsle, who saw it as the end of Maratha independence.
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Ranjit Singh rose from the Sukarchakiya misl and captured Lahore in 1799 and Amritsar in 1802.
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First Anglo-Sikh War happened in 1845-46; Sikhs lost due to betrayal by Lal Singh and Tej Singh.
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Sindh was ruled by Amirs, chiefs of the Talpura tribe.
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In 1848, Lord Dalhousie became Governor-General of India. He believed British rule was superior to that of Indian princes. He declared that the extinction of all native states was only a matter of time. Behind this claim lay a simpler interest: more territory meant easier expansion of British trade and revenue.
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Awadh had been a British ally since the Battle of Buxar. It had remained obedient for decades, so it could not be seized for disloyalty. It also had no shortage of heirs, so the Doctrine of Lapse did not apply.
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War between British India and Nepal began in 1814 under Lord Hastings.
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Three Anglo-Burmese Wars led to full British annexation of Burma.
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Britain feared Russia would invade India through Afghanistan via the North-West frontier.
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Curzon sent Younghusband's expedition to Lhasa in 1904, fearing Russian influence in Tibet.
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