Indian Polity · Topic 17 of 25
Key features of major world constitutions compared with the Indian scheme
The Basics
The American Constitution is the constitution of the United States of America, adopted in 1787 at the Philadelphia Convention and brought into force in 1789, following the American Revolution of 1775 to 1783. It is the oldest written constitution still in force in the world. It is a short document of about 12 pages, with a Preamble, 7 Articles and 27 Amendments.
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The British Constitution is the constitution of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It formed gradually through the union of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. It is called the 'mother of Constitutions'. Representative government and the parliamentary model first developed here. Many democracies, including India, later adopted these principles.
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The British Cabinet is the real executive authority under the parliamentary system. It consists of the Prime Minister as its head. It also has about twenty senior ministerial colleagues. These include the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Lord Chancellor, and Secretaries of State for Home, Foreign and Defence affairs, among others.
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France's Fifth Republic Constitution, in force since 1958, created a hybrid executive. It combines a powerful directly elected President with a Prime Minister responsible to Parliament. This arrangement is called semi-presidential, or quasi-presidential and quasi-parliamentary, because it borrows features from both pure models.
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